Which landmark decision affirmed the principle of judicial review in the United States?

The landmark decision that affirmed the principle of judicial review in the United States is Marbury v. Madison. This case, decided in 1803, established the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of the executive and legislative branches unconstitutional. Judicial review is a crucial aspect of the American legal system, allowing the judiciary to check the powers of the other branches of government and ensure that laws are in alignment with the Constitution.

Marbury v. Madison arose from a political dispute over appointments at the end of President John Adams' term. The ruling, by Chief Justice John Marshall, concluded that while Marbury had a right to his commission, the Supreme Court did not have the authority to issue a writ of mandamus in this case as the section of law that granted the Court this power was itself unconstitutional. This was significant because it asserted the judiciary's role in interpreting the law and protecting the Constitution as the supreme law of the land.

The other options refer to important cases that addressed critical issues in American law and society but did not establish the principle of judicial review. Brown v. Board of Education dealt with racial segregation in public schools, Roe v. Wade addressed women's reproductive rights, and Plessy v. Ferguson established the doctrine of "