Which of the following civilizations is included in the Mesoamerican cultural area?

The Olmec civilization is included in the Mesoamerican cultural area because it is one of the earliest and most significant ancient cultures that laid the groundwork for later Mesoamerican societies, such as the Maya and Aztec. The Olmec, flourishing between approximately 1400 and 400 BCE in present-day Mexico, is known for its monumental stone heads, advanced artistic achievements, and societal organization. This civilization played a crucial role in the development of complex societies in Mesoamerica, contributing to agriculture, trade, and religious practices that influenced subsequent cultures in the region.

In contrast, the other civilizations listed are not part of Mesoamerica. The Vikings were primarily seafarers from Scandinavia, known for their exploration and settlement in northern Europe and parts of North America, while the Polynesians were oceanic navigators in the Pacific Islands. The Sumerians, on the other hand, thrived in ancient Mesopotamia, a region markedly distinct from Mesoamerica. Each of these cultures had its unique geographical and cultural contexts, setting them apart from the Olmec as a defining Mesoamerican civilization.