Which term is used to describe an individual who studies ancient civilizations?

The term that describes an individual who studies ancient civilizations is "archaeologist." Archaeologists focus on uncovering and interpreting historical artifacts, structures, and other physical remains from past societies. Their work often involves excavating sites and analyzing findings to understand cultural practices, social structures, and daily life in ancient times. This discipline plays a crucial role in piecing together the stories of civilizations that have long since passed, providing insights into human history.

In contrast, the other roles mentioned—such as a merchant, peasant, and emperor—do not focus on studying ancient civilizations. Merchants are primarily engaged in trade and commerce, peasants typically refer to the working-class individuals in agricultural contexts, and emperors are rulers of empires who govern and exert power rather than study historical contexts. Thus, the specific focus of archaeology on past civilizations makes it the correct answer in this scenario.